Foreign Ministers of Chile and Brazil support the Bioceanic Corridor Between Brazil and Chile

The Foreign Minister of Chile, Teodoro Ribera, and his Brazilian counterpart, Ernesto Araujo, reaffirmed the interest of both countries to develop the Bioceanic Road Corridor that will link Porto Murtinho (Brazil), via Paraguay and northern Argentina, with the Port of Antofagasta (Chile).

"The crossing of the Andes mountain range and the Chilean ports are fully ready and operational to receive Brazilian cargo," said Foreign Minister Ribera.

"In the bilateral sphere, we agree in the interest of moving towards a strategic relationship, which will strengthen long-term ties between both countries, looking towards 2040," said the Chilean Foreign Minister.

Regarding trade relations, Ribera said Chile is the second largest trading partner of Brazil and, in turn, this country is the first for Chilean international trade.

In that regard, he stressed “the importance of putting into effect the Free Trade Agreement signed in November 2018, and that it needs to be approved by both Congresses”.

In addition, they reaffirmed the interest of promoting the process of convergence between the Pacific Alliance and Mercosur, within the framework of the respective Pro Tempore Presidencies that Chile and Brazil exercise in said integration mechanisms.

The 1,800 kms bi-oceanic route that will connect Chilean Pacific ports with Brazilian Atlantic ports and cross the Paraguayan Chaco, will reduce merchandise transport between the two oceans to three days.

Nowadays, ships that follow the routes to Asia, passing through Cape Horn, take an average of 13 days.

Source: PortalPortuario, ABC.com

Argentina and the fear of the return of Kirchner

Mauricio Macri - President of Argentina

The baggy triumph of Kirchnerism in the last week primaries has been interpreted by many as the announcement of the end of President Mauricio Macri government and the arrival at the Casa Rosada of the Fernandez-Fernandez de Kirchner duo.

In his statements following the knowledge of the results, the President confirmed that he will continue in the campaign until October with the expectation of reversing the results of last Sunday.

He assumes in his support that in the primaries many citizens wanted to express their protest over the difficult economic situation, but that when electing the president they will prioritize the memory of Cristina Kirchner's mismanagement and the corruption that characterized her government.

President Macri's expectations are not accompanied by the markets. Judging by what happened, they take for granted an upcoming change of government and have operated accordingly. It is also clear that many foreign and local investors and analysts see that change with enormous pessimism. Many serious opinions speak of a return of populism to Argentina.

Just as the Friday before the primaries (known as PASO) Argentine bonds and stocks rose when the polls predicted a very favorable outcome for the ruling party, on Monday, with the results, they collapsed violently. The price of Argentine shares fell by more than 40% in one day, the country risk is around 1500 basic points and the price of the dollar has grown by 25%.

Mauricio Macri's presidency failed to correct the mistakes and consequences of the populism that preceded him. His management began auspiciously, but he opted for a gradualism that did not have enough time to become successful.

Politically correct and fear of social reactions led him very close to a default that could only be avoided with the help of the International Monetary Fund. The necessary adjustment probably should have been carried out more quickly.

There are own faults in the electoral setback, but with a very clear origin in the inheritance he received from Cristina Kirchner. It is a shared fault. There is no doubt that the negative reaction of the markets must be largely attributed to the deplorable fame of Kirchnerism.

The return of Peronism

Macri pays the price of having managed the crisis by reassuring only the IMF and the wealthiest classes

The overwhelming victory obtained by Alberto Fernández-Cristina Fernández de Kirchner in Sunday's primaries in Argentina predicts the return to the Casa Rosada of Peronism in the October presidential elections. 

Casa Rosada

In the face of the last-minute predictions and the hope of the markets that justicialism would achieve a tradable victory, the 15 points of advantage (47% vs. 32%) make it clear that Mauricio Macri, who aspires to re-election, does not even seem able to force Peronism to play a second round in two months.

Everything indicates that Peronism will return to power, once again becoming a presumably corrective factor in the social bankruptcy caused by the right. But this time he will do it in a scenario consumed by poverty, foreign debt, recession and galloping deficit, a frame of reference that demands realism and rigorous measures. 

The devastating effects of the economic crisis, the failure of the neoliberal recipe with which Macri arrived at the Casa Rosada and the rapid forgetting of Peronist excesses during Fernández de Kirchner's last term facilitate the new arrival of Peronism.

Neither the cases of corruption that marked the last Peronist presidency nor the suspicions of criminal participation in cases such as the death of prosecutor Alberto Nisman, which reach Fernández de Kirchner, have damaged the expectations of victory of those who, as so many times, they present as the restorers of the progressive message against that of the establishment.

Source: La Nacion, El Periodico, Author's notes.

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Who is Boris Johnson ?

Boris Johnson is a British journalist and politician member of the Conservative Party, son of Stanley Johnson and Charlotte Fawcett. Married to Allegra Owen (1987-1993) and later with Marina Wheeler (1993).

His full name is Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson (he is 1.75 m tall) and was born on June 19th, 1964 in New York, United States.

His father was a conservative member of the European Parliament and an employee of the European Commission and the World Bank.

His birth was registered by the authorities of the United States and the British Consulate of the city, which granted him US and British citizenship. His father, a descendant of King George II of Great Britain, was studying Economics at the University of Columbia. With Turkish, French and German ancestors.

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ETON - Johnson entered to study at this exclusive college-boarding school thanks to the King's scholarship. He entered in September 1977 and immediately began using his middle name, Boris, instead of Alex. It was in this establishment where he developed, say those who know him, his eccentric personality. In addition, he abandoned Catholicism as a religion and became an Anglican. His school development was not very outstanding and, according to The New Yorker magazine, he delighted his classmates because he forgot the parliaments in the plays. Although his friends warned that he was not a rebel, but was "integrated into the tribe." Among his friends were the Iranian businessman Darius Guppy and the younger brother of Diana of Wales, Charles Spencer.
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As a child he suffered severe deafness and had to undergo several surgical operations.

He attended his first studies at the Eton school, and then studied the classics at the University of Oxford.

After graduating he began working at a consulting firm and then joined The Times newspaper, where he was fired for inventing a quotation for an article. Later he would work at the Daily Telegraph and the The Spectator magazine.

Apart from English, he is fluent in French and Italian, and he speaks German and Spanish. In 1989, he was a correspondent for The Daily Telegraph in Brussels. His article "The Plan Delors to rule Europe" made him the favorite journalist of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.

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OXFORD - In 1983 he entered the Balliol College of the University of Oxford where he studied the classics (one of the most interdisciplinary academic degrees because it concentrates the literature, history, philosophy, languages and archeology of Greece and Rome). He was a contemporary of some of the figures of the current Conservative Party, such as David Cameron (2010-2016), William Hague, Michael Gove and Jeremy Hunt, his opponent in the collective elections. 
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He was a parliamentarian from 2001 to 2008 by Henley in the House of Commons, a conservative district of Oxfordshire County. During 2004, he was vice president of the Conservative Party, and in 2005, David Cameron, elected him to the position of Shadow Minister (spokesperson for the Parliamentary Opposition) of University Education.

On July 16th, 2007, he announced his intention to present himself as a conservative candidate for Mayor of London, a candidacy that was confirmed by the party on September 27th. He was elected on May 2nd, 2008, defeating the hitherto Mayor, Ken Livingstone, a leftist politician. He was re-elected to the position on May 4th, 2012 and was in charge of the successful Olympic Games that year.

In 2014, he recognized a tax claim on capital gains from the U.S. tax authorities, which he ultimately paid. In 2016, he renounced his U.S. citizenship.

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LONDON - In 2008, Johnson was elected mayor of London. His campaign was focused on reducing juvenile crime, improving public transport safety and replacing buses with a modern version of the Routemaster, which are the ones currently touring the British capital. In 2012 the Olympic Games were held in the city and Johnson became a kind of celebrity. Moreover, he was elected as the most popular politician.

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He publicly declared his admiration for Donald Trump since he became President of the United States, despite not agreeing with many of his policies.

Since 2015, he is a Deputy in the House of Commons for the constituency of Uxbridge and South Ruislip in Great London.

Boris Johnson was one of the main promoters of Brexit, and after the European referendum on June 23rd, 2016 (most Britons voted to leave the EU), the new Prime Minister, Theresa May, appointed him as Foreign Minister of her government.

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DONALD TRUMP - The President of the United States was glad that Johnson was the new British Prime Minister and said he would do "a great job" and even suggested that he was "the British Trump." Although the relationship was not always good, the BBC network recalls that in 2015, when Johnson was mayor of London, Trump said there were parts of the British capital that could not be visited. Based on this, Johnson reacted angrily and noted that the comment showed "a pretty incredible ignorance."

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On July 9th, 2018, Boris Johnson presented his resignation as British Foreign Minister, deepening the crisis in the Government of Theresa May after the resignation on the previous day of the head of Brexit, David Davis. He resigned by refusing to support the Prime Minister's plans to negotiate a smooth break with the European Union.

On May 16th, 2019, Johnson confirmed that he would participate in the Conservative Party leadership elections following the resignation of Theresa May.

Boris Johnson, promoter of Brexit, became the leader of the Conservative Party on July 23rd, 2019, and on the 24th of the same month, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom succeeding Theresa May.

🐦 Follow Boris Johnson on Twitter

Source: Buscabiografias, La Tercera

United Nations Report: Human Rights in Venezuela

Crisis in Venezuela: The devastating conclusions of Bachelet's report on the situation in Venezuela

📖 Complete UN Report: Human rights in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

A report issued by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the situation of Human Rights in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela was presented on July 04th 2019.

For her report, Michelle Bachelet, who visited the country between June 19th and 21st, interviewed more than 558 people, most of them victims of abuse and witnesses.

The government of Nicolás Maduro rejected Bachelet's conclusions as "not objective or impartial" and presents a "selective and openly biased view of the true situation of human rights" in the country.

"Corruption" in a country with 3.7 million malnourished

Bachelet concludes that in Venezuela the economic rights of citizens are also violated.

"The diversion of resources, corruption and lack of maintenance in public infrastructure, as well as underinvestment, have resulted in violations of the right to an adequate standard of living, among others, due to the deterioration of basic services such as public transportation and access to electricity, water and natural gas" says the report.

The right to food of Venezuelans is not going through its best, according to the conclusions of the report, which states that "the main food assistance program, known as 'CLAP boxes', does not cover the nutritional needs that are essential for people".

Content of CLAP Box - USD Cost in green

The government of Nicolás Maduro repeatedly denied that Venezuela suffered any humanitarian crisis.

In recent times it has begun to accept the help of organizations such as the Red Cross, but it maintains that the economic problems of the country are due to economic sanctions and "the criminal blockade" imposed by the United States.

The commission's report also addresses this issue and recalls that "the Venezuelan economy, especially its oil industry and food production systems, were already in crisis before any sectoral sanctions were imposed."

The figures it collects give an idea of ​​the magnitude of the problem. It estimates that between November 2018 and February 2019, "1,557 people died due to lack of supplies in hospitals."

Through a document released on July 4th, the government of Nicolás Maduro submitted 70 "observations" that account for what he considers to be errors contained in the Bachelet report.

The report includes the closure of dozens of print media, radio stations and television channels, as well as the increase in the arrests of journalists, including those of foreign journalists who ended up being expelled from the country.

When asked by journalists, Bachelet explained that there is no deadline to comply with the numerous recommendations made by his Office. This gives the government more time to try to overcome the countless problems it faces before the international community.

                           

                                Human Rights Watch: Torture of Presumed Conspirators (video)

Ten things you should know about the human rights crisis in Venezuela

Amnesty International - February 2019

The human rights crisis that has affected Venezuela for some years has destroyed the lives of millions of people. This is what you have to know:

1. Massive protests

The origin of most of the current disturbances in Venezuela can be traced back to March 29th 2017, when the Supreme Court of Justice, with the backing of President Nicolás Maduro, took control of the National Assembly, where the majority of the seats are of the opposition. That triggered massive protests between April and June that were suppressed by the Maduro government.

According to the Venezuelan Observatory of Social Conflict, in 2018 the record of 12,715 protests was reached throughout the country. These have continued in 2019, after the president of the National Assembly, Juan Guaidó, called mass demonstrations against Maduro. 

2. Excessive use of force

Between April and July 2017, more than 120 people died, some 1,958 were injured and more than 5,000 were arrested in mass protests. In the Amnesty report Nights of terror: Illegal attacks and raids on homes in Venezuela, the organization revealed how Venezuelan security forces and armed civilian groups endorsed by the government violently burst into people's homes to intimidate them and thus discourage them from participating in demonstrations or any other form of protest.

From January 21st to 25th, at least 41 people died in circumstances linked to the mass protests, all of them from bullet wounds. More than 900 people were arbitrarily detained.

3. A policy of repression

Although the state authorities have been applying a systematic policy of repression throughout the crisis, recent guidelines indicate that it is intensifying.

The recent investigation carried out by Amnesty International showed that Venezuelan security forces under Maduro had carried out targeted executions as their policy of repression had been extended. This situation especially affected impoverished areas of Caracas and other parts of the country, where the victims were later presented as "delinquents" killed in clashes with the authorities.

Of the 41 victims killed in the context of protests in early 2019, Amnesty International documented six extrajudicial executions by security forces backed by the State and excessive use of force by authorities under the command of Nicolás Maduro.


In the 2018 report This is not life: Citizen security and the right to life in Venezuela, Amnesty revealed that the security forces used lethal means, with the intention of killing, against the most vulnerable and socially excluded people in the country under the pretext of " fight crime. "

4. Youngers in custody

State authorities have been using the justice system to illegally harass those who think differently from them. According to the Venezuelan organization Foro Penal, between January 21st and 31st 2019, 988 people were arbitrarily arrested. Among them were 137 children and adolescents, of whom 10 are still in custody. Allegations of torture and other ill-treatment of detainees have also been received. As of January 31st 2019, Penal Forum estimated that there were 942 people detained for political reasons. Although many have been released, most of them still face trial.

5. Civilians tried in military courts

People detained for participating in protests are often tried by military courts, which is contrary to international law. The people prosecuted face, among others, charges related to association with the intention of instigating the rebellion and attack on a sentinel, designed expressly for military personnel, which is another proof of the authorities' determination to silence dissent. According to Foro Penal, 817 people were tried in military courts between April 2017 and January 2019.

6. Three million refugees and migrants

It is estimated that more than three million people have fled Venezuela since 2015, the equivalent of 10% of the population, according to UN figures. Most have sought refuge in Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. Most mentions the denial of their rights to health and food as the main reason to leave the country. In other words, they flee to protect their life. Amnesty International has urged the governments of Latin America and the Caribbean to give Venezuelan refugees access to asylum procedures in their countries.

7. Repression of freedom of expression

There have been numerous reports of violations of the right to freedom of expression, such as the arbitrary detention and / or expulsion of at least 19 people working in the media, both Venezuelan and foreign. In January 2019, at least 11 journalists were detained in a single week, and many of them were expelled or deported from Venezuela, including Jorge Ramos and his team from the Univision TV network. Censorship and orders to close radio stations are widespread practice. The government closed 50 media outlets in 2017.

UNICEF / Santiago Arcos

8. The economic debacle

According to the National Assembly, in 2018 inflation was a shocking 1,698.488%. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) calculates that, in 2019, the annual inflation rate will reach 10,000,000%. Meanwhile, the official minimum wage in Venezuela is USD 6 per month. And these are the income of a large part of the population. The inevitable result is that many people can not afford basic products.

The shortage of basic supplies such as food and medicine has left millions of people living in alarming conditions that get worse every day. The measures adopted by the state authorities have affected salaries and the rights of working people. Until 2013, the Venezuelan authorities made great progress in the area of ​​economic and social rights, but this trend has been reversed categorically in recent years.

9. The government denies it

Nicolás Maduro has repeatedly denied that the country is experiencing a human rights crisis. What is more harmful, refuses to recognize the shortage of food and medicine. The few official public statistics on the welfare of the population contrast with the reports of independent agencies.

Given that the authorities deny that there is a shortage, they have not accepted the international humanitarian aid that has been repeatedly offered. This has a catastrophic effect, especially on the most vulnerable people.

10. Harmful US sanctions

On January 28th, the US government announced new measures that prevent the Venezuelan state oil company from exporting crude oil to the United States, while prohibiting US suppliers from selling the products Venezuela needs to process its heavy crudes. Given that the Venezuelan economy depends to a large extent on the export of oil and that the United States is one of the main trade partners of Venezuela, it is likely that these measures will make the life of the people living in the country even more difficult.

Source: United Nations, Amnesty International, BBC.

Santiago - Valparaíso high speed train and to Pudahuel airport (2019 Public Account)

The announcements in transports

During the Public Account in the National Congress, the President of the Republic Sebastián Piñera, detailed several infrastructure projects. One of the emblematics, the idea of ​​"declaring of public interest" the proposal to create a high-speed train service from Santiago to Valparaíso and San Antonio.

"Announce today that the Ministry of Public Works has declared of public interest the projects to build the much desired passenger and freight trains, which will connect the city of Santiago with the ports of Valparaíso and San Antonio and preparing us to call an international tender", said the President.

The construction would be the first high-speed train in South America, which would be available to around 7 million people. 

Although today there is a layout for railways in the Central Zone, one option is the construction of a new one, which would cross the Valley of Maria Pinto and Casablanca through three tunnels, linking Santiago with Valparaiso in a trip that is estimated to last 45 minutes approximately. At least that is the project of Tren Valparaíso Santiago (TVS), a company that has proposed to carry out the work. In this idea, the tour includes four stations: one in Valparaíso (Baron sector), another in Viña del Mar (downtown), Casablanca and finally in Maipú (Vespucio-Pajaritos).

The new project presented by AGUNSA

The new railway option would start in Mapocho station, would go through Til Til, Olmué and Limache to finish its journey in Viña del Mar and Valparaíso.

The new project was presented by a consortium of companies formed by the Spanish Talgo, AGUNSA and FCC.

Train to the airport, Line 10 and possibility of subway in regions

Another of the points that the President addressed in his speech was the connectivity problem that currently affects the Santiago airport, due to the lack of public transportation to the airport and to which it intends to provide a prompt solution. Well, although in recent years different ways of fixing this problem have been proposed, such as the extension of line 7 of the underground to the airport -a project that different experts have ruled out due to the large investment that would have to be made- or the implementation of more buses.

Piñera revealed that the option chosen by the Executive would be the creation of a train to the Pudahuel airport. On the same occasion, the President took the opportunity to inform that some Metro Lines will be extended and again showed his intention to create Line 10, which had been announced in January this year by the Head of State.

"We are promoting a profound modernization of our public transport system, which includes the duplication of the Metro network in the Metropolitan Region, going from 150 to almost 300 km, through the recently inaugurated Line 3, the new Lines 7, 8, 9 and 10, and the extensions of Lines 2 to San Bernardo, 3 to Quilicura, 4 to Bajos de Mena, 6 to Isidora Goyenechea and the train to the airport", commented the President. Additionally, the President revealed that "we have also begun studies to analyze the feasibility of building underground in other cities, starting in Concepción".

Source: EMOL

The History of Rock - The 60's

Enjoy reading while listening to this playlist with the songs and 
artists mentioned in the article: CSA - History of Rock - 60's

While the rock declined in its country of origin, on the other side of the Atlantic, in England, mainly in the port cities (because it had easier access to the songs that came from the American continent), there was growing interest in rock and roll.

Billy Fury

Billy Fury was the first English rock artist to have an impact in the United States, still based on the commercial concepts of the original rock, with songs on demand. In the city of Liverpool, a cultural movement that took the name of a local music magazine, Mersey Beat, was taking shape. Among the local bands the Beatles already stood out.

In opposition to the youthful and innocent rock of the 50's, artists more concerned with passing important messages through music began to emerge in the United States. Based on folk music and playing in bars, artists such as Bob Dylan and Joan Baez emerged, who in a very short time would change the face of rock.

Joan Baez & Bob Dylan

The intellectual movement called Beatnik was of great importance in the formation of this new style. The Beat was characterized by the valorization of individuality, free will, experimentation and change, in contradiction to the maintenance of the old values ​​considered important by the bourgeoisie.


In 1963 Bob Dylan was already a star of relative impact and his intelligent lyrics caught the attention of the public and critics, unprecedented until then in pop music. In April he made his first big show in New York, and had a performance on Ed Sullivan's television show cancelled due to the "revolutionary" content of his lyrics. Rapidly folk music and mainly Bob Dylan would be taxed by communists and degenerates, which obviously attracted the attention of the young audience and increased the appeal of the new style.

The Beach Boys

From the rock to the old style perhaps the only great novelty at the beginning of the decade of the 60's were The Beach Boys, band of beginning directed basically to the community of surfists but that ended up having an unexpected repercussion with the hit "Surfin 'Usa" (a cheeky plagiarism" Sweet Little Sixteen "by Chuck Berry, for whom they would be prosecuted that same year). Other artists with surf themes, such as Jan & Dean, would appear on its trail.

In England, hired by George Martin of EMI, after having been despised by the label Decca, in 1963 the Beatles were already an unprecedented success using the formula of bringing the easy appeal of captivating songs to great presence, good humor and some cynicism in interviews, which caught the attention of the press. It was strange also for the time that the own members of the band were responsible for great part of their compositions. 

Rolling Stones

With a cover of "Come On" (music by Chuck Berry) he also debuted in England, still without much impact, the band Rolling Stones.

Herman's Hermits

The news did not take so long to spread to other countries. Bob Dylan and other folk artists from the United States finally penetrated the English market while at the same time the Beatles conquered America. Interestingly, in April 1964 Bob Dylan was number one in England with the music "The Times They Are A Changin" while the Beatles occupied the top five positions in the US charts (with "Can't Buy Me Love" in first place) . There was no friction or dispute between the opposing musical styles, the lyrics and the political stance of Bob Dylan were always openly praised by the Beatles.

The Kinks

The Rolling Stones became a great worldwide success with their trip to the United States shortly after the Beatles (the irreverent attitude of the Stones, with their frequent scandals, was the perfect antithesis to the education and good looks of the Beatles, conquering the most rebellious part of the public). Other English bands like Herman's Hermits, The Kinks and The Animals also emerged.

The Animals

As of 1965, with the band Yardbirds (of so short career as influential, that had among its members to Eric Clapton, Jimmy Page and Jeff Beck) and The Who, the rock began to gain an unpublished aggressiveness, with guitars more distorted and more amplification.

                         The Yardbirds

The Who

In 1966, with the single "Substitute" The Who finally brought hard rock for the first time to the top of the charts, while Eric Clapton formed the power trio Cream. In the United States the novelties were less aggressive: the definitive fusion between the folk and the rock of the band The Byrds and Simon & Garfunkel and the vocal harmonies of the band The Mammas and The Pappas.

Cream

The Byrds

The drugs were no longer consumed to eliminate fatigue, but to seek pleasure and altered states of perception. The music of the time was strongly influenced by drugs like LSD. The new type of music was called psychedelic.

Simon & Garfunkel

The Mammas and the Pappas

On the LSD effect the Beatles recorded what was possibly the most revolutionary album in the history of rock, "Sgt. Peppers' Lonely Hearts Club Band", in 1967. For the first time a rock band definitively broke with the extremely commercial format of hit music, releasing a work in which each song was only part of the whole. After spending more than 700 hours and six months of recording, it was an instigating album from its cover (a collage of personalities admired by the Beatles) to the last groove of the album (a cycle without end).

For many Sgt. Peppers is considered the birth of progressive rock (which does not follow any predefined concept, based on experimentation and originality). The band became one of the most successful bands of the decade and most successful in the history of pop music.

Jimi Hendrix

Discovered and taken to England by the ancient Animals, Jimi Hendrix would be another great revelation of 1967. With his second single, Purple Haze (the first was Hey Joe, a year earlier) Hendrix caught the attention not only of the Public, but of stars as Eric Clapton and Mick Jagger, creating a new sound and definitely expanding the role and resources of the electric guitar in rock.

Grateful Dead

Jefferson Airplane

Based on the aggression to the establishment and freedom (sexual and experimentation) inherited from beat thinking, the United States appeared in the hippie movement, concentrated mainly in San Francisco, and having as exponents bands as Grateful Dead, Jefferson Airplane (clearly influenced by drugs ) and The Doors (with their first single, Light My Fire) and artists derived from folk music like Janis Joplin.

The Doors

It is the time of the flowers in the hair (hence the term flower power), the long hair and alternative communities. The three-pointed symbol related to the slogan "peace and love" was taken from the military signage that meant "cease bombing". Nothing more appropriate in the Vietnam war era. 

The great event of the year 1967 would be the Monterey Pop Festival that brought together in California Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, The Animals, Simon and Garfunkel, Buffalo Springfield, among others.

In 1968 with the end of the band Yardbirds, Jimmy Page formed the New Yardbirds soon renamed as Led Zeppelin, at the same time that Cream achieved a deserved success. Another hard rock band, Steppenwolf, with the song "Born To Be Wild", coined the term 'heavy metal' for the first time. The sound of Led Zeppelin was unprecedented, and although very based on the blues, more aggressive than any previous song. Virtuous instruments, solos and indefinite time improvisations began to stand out. Hard rock began its heyday at the same time that the classics like the Beatles and Pink Floyd, went through increasing problems of coexistence (although the Beatles still had their career ahead for almost two years, Pink Floyd underwent a great change with the exit of Syd Barret).

Led Zeppelin

Steppenwolf

Pink Floyd

1969 was the year of the great festivals. The death of a fan during a Rolling Stones show during a free presentation at the Altamond, California, festival was the negative frame of the year. But even this bad impression would not be able to stifle the realization of what was possibly the biggest music event of all time, between August 15th and 17th, at Woodstock, interpreted by many as the framework of the beginning of a new era of peace and love, with presentations among others by Joe Cocker, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Jefferson Airplane and The Who.

Joe Cocker

Woodstock Festival

In the Newport Jazz Festival, Led Zeppelin, Jethro Tull, John Mayall, Ten Years After, Jeff Beck, James Brown, Johnny Winter, among others. With bands of virtuoso musicians such as Pink Floyd, Led Zeppelin, Cream, Jethro Tull and Deep Purple, and Frank Zappa's super-experimental Mothers of Invention, associated with the increasingly elaborate works of old bands like The Beatles and The Who (which had launched the rock opera Tommy, definitely elevating rock to the category of art) the characteristic simplicity of early rock had disappeared.

Jethro Tull

John Mayall

Ten Years After

Jeff Beck

* You might also be interested in: The History of Rock - The 50's

James Brown

Johnny Winter

Mothers of Invention

* You might also be interested in: The History of Rock - The Beginnings