Shanghai lockdown threatens to halt China's car production

Chinese automakers have warned that they will have to stop production if the COVID-19 epidemic continues in Shanghai.

Shanghai's health restrictions against the spread of the disease have forced the city's 25 million residents to stay home for weeks, forcing manufacturers to close operations and making China's goal of GDP growth of 5.5% seems unattainable.

Carriers have also warned that the Shanghai closure will cause congestion at the world's busiest container port.

The spread of COVID-19 across the country, and the related slowdown in economic activity, have hit the auto industry hard, with car sales falling 10.5 percent in March.

“If supply chain companies in and around Shanghai couldn't find a way to get to work and start production faster, all OEMs would have to stop production in the month of May,” wrote Shipping Purchasing Manager.

Containers have been piling up at Shanghai's port as the city faces limited shipping capacity.

Maersk issued a notice this week saying "several vessels will bypass Shanghai" due to a shortage of available container space at the port, particularly for specialized and reefer cargoes.

Figures from Bloomberg suggest that as many as 500 ships are currently anchored off the Chinese coast.

Source: Global Trade Review & Tech Xplore

Line of Duty - Anti Corruption in the British Police

Blog Rating: 9.25 out of 10

Superintendent Hastings (Adrian Dunbar), head of the anti-corruption unit AC-12, is so impressed with the behavior of Steve Arnott (Martin Compston) that he recruits him for his team. Along with the ambitious Kate Fleming (Vicky McClure), they will investigate the police officers who have violated their own rules.

In 2012, this police series written by Jed Mercurio made his debut on British television (BBC Two). Since then, the series became a regular guest at BAFTA awards ceremonies among others.

A special praise deserves here the quality of the dialogues, through which even about 20 minutes of interrogation sequences remain absolutely exciting.

In the course of the series, a simple low profile policeman Steve Arnott develops, sometimes somewhat arrogant and stubborn, to become a fascinating character. For her part, Vicky McClure, whose Kate as an undercover agent often has to use her own acting, she is also a strong character with a rough personality. 

Adrian Dunbar, the boss Ted Hastings sometimes transcends the boundaries of the correct superior, and gives his character the charisma and humanity to turn him into a true protagonist.

The British crime television series are generally characterized by a high level and this is not the exception. This is one of the best police series of the BBC.

Doctor Who - The Adventures of the Lord of Time

Blog Rating: 8.80 out of 10

"I am the doctor!", "Doctor who?", that's how "the Doctor" shows up anywhere.

The Doctor is an eccentric extraterrestrial scientist from the planet Gallifrey, the planet of the Lords of Time, a race of supreme beings who have discovered the secrets of time travel and never interfere with the affairs of other planets, he only observes and collects knowledge.

Gallifrey planet

The doctor leaves his planet and decides to go exploring the universe aboard a space / time machine known as the "TARDIS" (Time and relative dimension in space) that has the shape of a police cabin of the sixties (larger inside than outside).

TARDIS

Like all the lords of time, the doctor can "regenerate" (change his appearance and personality when his body is worn out and he is mortally wounded). The doctor regenerates in a new way, with the same memories, knowledge and mission, but with a different appearance (and of course, other actors). Every few years, the doctor gets a new face and a new companion, which gives producers the opportunity to adjust the series and keep it fresh, without having to throw too much family information overboard. Each reincarnation of the doctor continues to experience adventures in the future and in the past, with some different eccentricities according to each actor.


Doctor Who Dubstep - Soundcloud

During the many years of the Doctor's travels through time and space, several companions join him in his adventures on other planets and other galaxies.


The Doctor fights against the most evil beings in the galaxy: the Daleks, mutants in robotic bodies bent on exterminating all life in the galaxy (led by Davros), the Cybermen, robotic humanoids of the condemned planet Mondas and many other evil beings.

Daleks

The British series produced by the BBC, was broadcast for the first time on November 23rd, 1963, thus celebrating more than 50 years of transmission.

Over the years, "Doctor Who" has evolved from a children's program to a family program, with many followers, better known as the "Whovians".

Doctor Who - Pictures on You Tube

Cybermen

These are the actors who have interpreted the different doctors from the beginning:

Actor	Playing	Period
William Hartnell	First Doctor	1963–66
Patrick Troughton	Second Doctor	1966–69
Jon Pertwee	Third Doctor	1970–74
Tom Baker	Fourth Doctor	1974–81
Peter Davison	Fifth Doctor	1982–84
Colin Baker	Sixth Doctor	1984–86
Sylvester McCoy	Seventh Doctor	1987–89
Paul McGann	Eighth Doctor	1996
Christopher Eccleston	Ninth Doctor	2005
David Tennant	Tenth Doctor	2005–10
Matt Smith	Eleventh Doctor	2010–13
Peter Capaldi	Twelfth Doctor	2014–17
Jodie Whittaker	Thirteenth Doctor	2018–present

Doctor Who in Pinterest

The Crown - The hard task of ruling (2016-)

Blog Rating: 8.80 out of 10

The Netflix series (released in November 2016) centers on 25-year-old Queen Elizabeth II, who is faced with the daunting task of leading the world's most famous monarchy while building her relationship with the legendary Prime Minister, Sir Winston Churchill. The British Empire is in decline, the political world is in disarray, and an inexperienced young woman must ascend the throne at the dawn of a new age.

Claire Foy

Without wanting to be ultra-political, she relies very lucidly on the intrigues of the halls of Buckingham Palace and takes us to discover the intimacy of the longest-lived monarch in England. The production got it right with the choice of Claire Foy who lights up the screen every second, slipping into the skin of Elizabeth of Windsor with disconcerting ease. She portrays a fragile, determined, loving woman at times, vulnerable and tenacious.

Matt Smith

Next to her, Prince Philip (Matt Smith) is struggling to play his role as Prince consort, her sister Margaret (Vanessa Kirby) is constantly struggling to live the life she wants and the life that her birthplace imposes on her. Her father George VI (Jared Harris) and Winston Churchill (John Lithgow) are trying to rebuild the country at the end of World War II. In short, Elizabeth will have to face many challenges, despite her twenty-five years and her lack of experience.

John Lithgow

The British royal family is very well known and it was necessary to erase everything that is known about them through the media to show the most unknown side of its members, starting with King Philip, who we will learn to know better.

Vanessa Kirby

The Crown shows the British style: its nobility, its comfort, its style and a classy image without being too saturated; it is easy to enter this world and be able to imagine the atmosphere of the 40s.

Victoria Hamilton

From a purely technical standpoint, The Crown is flawless. The visuals are sumptuous, Michele Clapton's costumes are sublime, and Rupert Gregson-Williams' music is perfect. Highly recommended.

Call the Midwife - A beautiful story of joy and kindness (2012-)

Blog Rating: 9.15 out of 10

A beautiful story based on the memoir of 22-year-old Jennifer Worth, who in 1957 leaves her comfortable home to become a midwife in London's East End.

This is how she comes to live in a convent (Nonnatus House), where she will work alongside other very experienced nurses and nuns.

In the England of the mid-twentieth century, the harsh living conditions of the slums are shown, but also the warmth of its people and the courage of their mothers. 

   

Even after Jenny leaves Nonnatus, she continues to recount the lives of the midwives who have become her family.

The first season of Call The Midwife, which debuted in 2012 when Jenny Lee came to Poplar to start work on her, became the BBC's highest-rated drama in a decade.

In its third series, the drama continued to attract more than 10 million viewers every Sunday night.

The characters are very nice and the acting, even by the guest actors, is brilliant. However, the main reason I recommend Call the Midwife is that it is so well written, not avoiding the harsh realities of life, but full of hope and incredible human connection.

Constitutional Convention and Yellows for Chile

Many things have happened in recent months in the Constitutional Convention that began its work on July 4th, 2021.

It took three months to draft the General Regulations of the Convention and in the same month of October 2021 the constitutional debates began in the commissions created to deal with different issues.

In February, the Constitutional Convention approved an article of the new Constitution that declares Chile as a "regional, plurinational and intercultural State" during the vote they take to determine the norms that the Magna Carta will include.

"Chile is a regional, plurinational and intercultural State made up of autonomous territorial entities, within a framework of equity and solidarity among all of them, preserving the unity and integrity of the State," indicated the article approved by 112 votes in favor, 34 against and 2 abstentions.

The new article changes the definition of "unitary State" that is indicated in the current Chilean Constitution that was implemented in 1980, during the government of Augusto Pinochet (1973-1990).

The proposal exceeded 2/3 of the vote, the minimum required to be included in the draft of the new Constitution that must be voted on in a mandatory plebiscite in which the population of Chile will decide whether to approve or reject it. If rejected, the current Magna Carta approved in 1980 will remain.

The Convention also approved other paragraphs in which it defines the territorial organization of the State "in autonomous regions, indigenous territorial autonomies and special territories." It also promotes the "cooperation, integration and development" of the regions, and defines criteria for the creation of regional entities that will rule in those areas.

The constituents approved 10 articles dealing with justice issues; among them, changing the name of the Judiciary to Justice Systems, and another article that guarantees that all bodies and persons involved in judicial processes must ensure equality, parity, and a gender perspective. The latter has caused a lot of concern since it would be annulling the principle of equality before the law.

The Constitutional Convention began its task on July 4th, 2021 and has a maximum term of nine months, extendable for three more, to conclude its task of giving Chile a new Constitution.

Yellows for Chile

Since the voting began in the plenary session of the Constitutional Convention in Chile, a group of academics and former ministers, mainly from the Center Left, have reacted to some ideas that are quite far from what the majority of Chileans expected from this new project.

This group of personalities who has achieved growing support has even announced a movement, which they have baptized "Amarillos por Chile", managing to gather signatures and support, all from various positions in politics, education, culture and governments of different democratic tendencies. "The spirit that must prevail in the Convention must be that of dialogue, conversation, truly listening to those who think differently," they say in their letter, led by Cristián Warnken, the columnist and former television presenter.

Over time, it has been confirmed that some constituents support very radical ideas such as dissolving the three powers of the State (Executive, Legislative and Judicial) to create a Plurinational Assembly.

Said initiative contemplated excluding the following groups from the right to vote in the base assemblies: owners of large companies, bankers and speculators, the high hierarchy of the church, the officers of the Armed Forces and the management of large companies.

Fortunately, sanity prevailed and this idea was rejected by a large majority. However, there are many other initiatives that put our current republic at risk.

You might also be interested in: The Socialist Experience in Chile 

Yellows for Chile: a new movement is born made up of more than 70 personalities, including national prize-winners, academics, economists and former ministers of the Concertación (centre-left political group) organized in response to the danger of the "refounding" of Chile " right from the start".
"The great tragedies in our continent and in the entire world have occurred when we yellows have been silenced or have not raised our voice with sufficient conviction," says the founding document of this new citizen movement in one of its paragraphs.

The group's manifesto argues that there are refoundational spirits expressed especially in the Constitutional Convention. Faced with this, the subscribers suggest, it is necessary to raise "the voice" in favor of "dialogue and conversation."

"Many of the proposals that have emanated from the commissions and some of those that are already reaching 2/3 in plenary are turning on the alert signal among those of us who do not want the deconstruction of Chile, nor its dismemberment, nor its refoundation from scratch. ", they pose. "The spirit that must prevail in the Convention must be that of dialogue, conversation, truly listening to those who think differently."

They add that the yellows are "a silent majority in the country," who want "reforms, not revolution, not an inharmonious or biased Constitution, but a new balanced Constitution." That constitutional proposal, they argue, should move away from the "failed experiments of other Latin American countries." Instead, it should reconcile "order with freedom, change with stability, as one of our intellectual fathers of the country, Andrés Bello, dreamed and thought."

Support the initiative

There are also a number of economic figures who were authorities during the Concertación governments, such as former Finance Ministers Alejandro Foxley and Andrés Velasco; the former president of the Central Bank and former Minister of Economy José De Gregorio; and other former ministers such as Alejandro Ferreiro, Vivianne Blanlot, Ignacio Walker, Jorge Burgos, René Cortázar, Mariana Aylwin, Jaime Campos, Isidro Solís, Pedro García, José Joaquín Brunner and Enrique Krauss.

The list also includes representatives of Congress. Among them are the outgoing DC senator Carolina Goic, the incoming ex-DC deputy Andrés Jouannet, and former senators such as Soledad Alvear, Eugenio Tuma, Hernán Vodanovic and Fulvio Rossi.

The professor and poet Cristián Warnken Lihn comments that the group is made up mostly of people from the center and center-left, who do not want the country to be thrown overboard, but rather to make changes: but well done. This is not a political party, it is an open, citizen movement of very diverse people with no hidden agenda."

The following are excerpts from the "Amarillos por Chile" manifesto. The complete version can be reviewed at the end of this article, with the list of the 75 subscribers and their call for adhesions:

The denomination "yellow" emerged a long time ago in our country as an insult to those who were in favor of change, but in a gradual and responsible manner, and preferred the path of reforms to that of revolution, that of dialogue with those who think differently than the idea of ​​turning the political adversary into an enemy to be destroyed. In the midst of the refoundational euphoria that wants to start from scratch, it is usual for the voice of the yellows to try to be silenced, and radicalism and maximalism seem much more attractive than prudence and realism. But in the desire for social transformations, there is not only the impulse towards the impossible (typical of utopias), we yellows feel the passion for what is possible, which consists in doing things well done, achieving the necessary changes without destroying what is good, betting for a better future without thinking that you are starting from scratch.

The great tragedies in our continent and in the entire world have occurred when we yellows have been silenced or have not raised our voices with sufficient conviction (as in the face of the legitimization of political violence, for example), making us feel self-conscious before those who shout more and build a version of reality as a Manichaean story, dividing the world into good guys and bad guys and offering simplistic solutions to complex problems.

Many of the proposals that have emanated from the commissions and some of those that are already reaching 2/3 in plenary are turning on the alert signal among those of us who do not want the deconstruction of Chile, nor its dismemberment, nor its refoundation from scratch, but a new beginning that collects the best that we have all built together in these decades and improves in an efficient and intelligent way what needs to be improved.

For this, the spirit that must prevail in the Convention must be that of dialogue, conversation, truly listening to those who think differently.

In this sense, the attempt by some radicalized factions of the Convention to ignore, and even erase, a significant political sector of the country (the center-right), as the maximalists of that time tried to do in the 1980 Constitution, is a huge political mistake. We must not forget that this sector obtained a very important vote in the last legislative election and 44% in the presidential election. Can a viable Constitution be made without including or listening to that sector, as if it did not exist? Proposing an exclusive constitutional text that was not born from genuine dialogue and listening also to the minority would be a pyrrhic victory that would not ensure a long life for said Constitution and would only help to polarize the country even more.

The "yellows" have always existed. We are -so we believe- a silent majority of the country. We demonstrated in the recent presidential election and with our vote we forced the extremes to moderate. This country is -deep down- more yellow than it seems. He wants reforms, not revolution, not an inharmonious or biased Constitution, but a new balanced Constitution, that gathers the best of our own institutional tradition (and not the copy of failed experiments in other Latin American countries), that manages to reconcile order with freedom , change with stability, as one of our intellectual fathers of the country, Andrés Bello, dreamed and thought.

We yellows have decided to raise our voice to contribute to this fundamental crossroads of our political and institutional history. We are here to support any initiative that goes in the direction of balance, moderation, common sense, unrestricted respect for Democracy (without surnames), the Rule of Law, freedom and also the promotion of social rights, reforming and improving both the market and the state. And we will loudly raise our voice against any attempt to lead us down the wrong path to repeat failed refoundational experiments in all parts of the world. Against any type of enlightenment, we reaffirm our trust in the light of dialogue and reason, which made it possible for this country to exist as a country and for democracy to re-emerge after the long night of intolerance and dictatorship.

This is our first statement, but it won't be the last. We want many Chileans who today feel politically orphaned to know that we Yellows are here and now, at this decisive moment in our history. We invite all free and democratic spirits to join this initiative without complexes, fear or mistrust. This is the time for courage, not cowardice or resignation.

Manifesto "Yellows for Chile"

Mario Waissbluth

For his part, academic Mario Waissbluth (professor at the University of Chile) mentions that the convention has exceeded the issue of indigenous rights, since this group is a minimal percentage of the population of Chile and it seems that the Constitution is designed only for them, where they are assigned excessive participation and rights.

This is exacerbated by the excessive representation of parties of the most radical left.

Along these lines, Waissbluth maintained that the "plan is to start making specific observations on specific articles of the Constitution and not only to criticize, but also to counter-propose."

"What we have agreed upon is that we are going to have a communications group, and a technical group that from now on will begin to analyze article by article, give an opinion and make a counterproposal and spread it through all the channels that we can".

At the time of publication of this article, the group has already achieved more than 22,000 adherents.

Source: Pauta, Amarillos por Chile and author's notes

Primary Elections in Argentina

 

The President of Argentina, Alberto Fernández, and Vice President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
at a press conference after Sunday's primaries (Photo: AFP)

Kirchnerism suffers an electoral catastrophe in the primary elections in Argentina

The candidates of the Government to Congress lose in all the most important districts, including the province of Buenos Aires, stronghold of Vice President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner

Kirchnerism has a lot to worry about. Its candidates to fight for a seat in Congress on November 14th have lost in primary elections in 18 of the 24 districts of the country, according to official results, including the province of Buenos Aires, a historic stronghold of Peronism and responsible for 40% of the votes to nationals.

The opposition, gathered in "Juntos por el Cambio", the coalition that brought Mauricio Macri to power in 2015, retains its traditional districts (the city of Buenos Aires, Mendoza and Córdoba), and wins in provinces that tend to be wayward to the right, such as Chaco, La Pampa, Tierra del Fuego, Misiones and even Santa Cruz, the political cradle of Kirchnerism.

In the primaries, only candidates are chosen, in this case deputies and senators, but as all Argentines are obliged to vote in them, the result is usually an advance of the final elections. That is why the coup has been extremely harsh, and its consequences still unpredictable, for the Government of Alberto Fernández.

The opposition victory places the mayor of the Argentine capital, Horacio Rodríguez Larreta, in the race for the presidency in 2023.

Horacio Rodriguez Larreta

President Fernández admitted the opposition triumph along with the main candidates and Vice President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. “We have not done something right so that people do not join us and all of us who are here listen to the verdict. There is a demand that we have not satisfied and that from tomorrow we will pay attention to it, ”he said.

Argentines participated this Sunday in an original electoral experiment, with the election of candidates in primary, open, mandatory and simultaneous elections. The PASO, as they are called, thus become a referendum of the official management. The Government was aware of the difficulties it was facing: the economy in tailspin, the product of three years of recession and the paralysis of the pandemic, and unforced errors by Alberto Fernández and his environment and the increasingly evident fights within the coalition, with Cristina Fernández de Kirchner as the protagonist.

She expected, however, a narrow victory in the province of Buenos Aires and first place in the total sum of national votes. None of that has happened. Even with Peronism united. The map of the Argentine provinces has been tinted yellow, the color of Together for Change, and Peronism loses control of the interior of the country, the source of its power.

      

The results give a dimension of the catastrophe. In the province of Buenos Aires, with 97% of the polls scrutinized, the opposition coalition gets 38%, against 33.6% of the ruling "Frente de Todos". In Capital, the Macrismo got 48.3% of the votes, against 24.6% of Peronism. In the interior of the country, the Government has not fared better, even in traditionally Peronist districts such as La Pampa (48.8% against 38.3%) or Chaco (44.2% against 35.5%). The government candidates have only added more votes than their rivals in Tucumán, Catamarca, La Rioja, Formosa, San Juan and Santiago del Estero.

The result elevates as leader of the opposition the Mayor of Buenos Aires, Horacio Rodríguez Larreta, who armed the election with his own candidates, to the detriment of the most radicalized sectors of the coalition, represented by Mauricio Macri.

The loss of the province of Buenos Aires and other traditionally Peronists was not even in the most pessimistic projections.

                                         

"The defeat is partly explained by economic reasons," says Eduardo Fidanza, director of the Poliarquía consulting firm. “The value of wages has deteriorated, inflation levels are intolerable and the Government has not been able to compensate with the management of the pandemic.

Javier Milei

From Together for Change, everything has been celebrations. The primaries also revealed the emergence of a right-wing force hitherto unknown in Argentina. The economist Javier Milei, defender of Jair Bolsonaro and Donald Trump, was the third force in the capital, with 13.6% of the votes.

Source: El Pais, Clarin & Infobae.

Constitutional Convention in Chile

This historic constituent process began on November 15th, 2019 when the majority of the political parties with representation in Congress reached an agreement to start the path towards an eventual new Constitution.

This implied a plebiscite so that the citizens, when asked "Do you want a New Constitution?", decide between two options: I approve or I reject to start this process of drafting the new Constitution and how the body that would draft it would be made up.

The Convention, made up of 155 elected members, will have 9 months to present a new constitutional text, which may be extended for 3 more months, in a single opportunity. In this way, in mid-2022, the country will experience a new exit referendum to approve or reject the new Constitution.

Plebiscite and its results

On Sunday, October 25th, 2020, the plebiscite that began this constituent process was held, which generated the following results:

78.27% of the citizens who voted in the Plebiscite, approved to start the process of drafting a new Constitution, while the body in charge of doing so will be the Constitutional Convention (made up exclusively of popularly elected members), which was imposed on the Mixed Convention option (made up of elected members and sitting parliamentarians) for 78.99%.

After the Plebiscite of October 25th, 2020, the election of the 155 members of the Constitutional Convention was held on May 15th and 16th, 2021, whose installation was finalized on July 4th, 2021.

Composition and remuneration

The Constitutional Convention was elected according to the same districts used for the election of Deputies (28 districts) and according to a proportional system. In that election, special rules were applied to facilitate the participation of independents and to ensure a gender balance between elected men and women. In addition, thanks to a constitutional reform, 17 seats were reserved for representatives of indigenous peoples.

The members of the Convention will receive a monthly remuneration of 50 monthly tax units (app USD 3,450), in addition to the allowances established in the Convention Regulations.

Organization and role

The Constitution states that the Convention will have a President and a Vice President, both elected by an absolute majority of the members of the Convention, as well as a technical secretary made up of people of proven academic or professional suitability. Then, it will be up to the Convention itself to establish the operating rules.

The exclusive purpose of the Convention is to draft and approve a new Constitution, so it cannot intervene or exercise any other function of other bodies or authorities.

In addition, in the drafting of the new Constitution, it must respect the character of the Republic of the State of Chile, its democratic regime, the final and enforceable judicial decisions, and the international treaties in force ratified by Chile.

It has been said that the new Constitution will be written from a "blank page." This means that the Convention must write a new constitutional text and not an amendment to the current Constitution.

Quorum of 2/3

The Convention must approve the norms of the new Constitution and their voting regulations, by a quorum of two thirds of its members in office, since the objective is to generate a high degree of consensus in the constitutional text that will be proposed to vote in the plebiscite of the year 2022.

The convention must draft and approve a proposed text of the new Constitution within a maximum period of nine months, counted from its installation, a period that can be extended for an additional three months, but only once.

👀 You may also be interested in: Crisis in Chile: What has changed after a year of social protests ?

Exit plebiscite

Once the work of the Convention is concluded, it must deliver its proposal to the President of the Republic, who must call a new plebiscite, to be held sixty days after the call is published. In this plebiscite, suffrage will be mandatory and there will be a fine of 0.5 to 3 monthly tax units (app USD 35 to USD 210) for people authorized to vote and who do not. 

The vote will have the following text: "Do you approve the text of the New Constitution proposed by the Constitutional Convention?" Under the question raised there will be two horizontal lines, one for each of the voting options: "Approve" and "Reject".

Approval or rejection of the new Constitution

If approved: The President of the Republic must convene the Plenary Congress so that, in a public and solemn act, it is promulgated and sworn or promised to respect and abide by the New Constitution. Said text will be published in the Official Gazette within ten days after its promulgation and will enter into force on that date.

If rejected: The 1980 Constitution and its reforms remain (without prejudice to the reforms that the National Congress may incorporate as it has done so far).

Can the convention modify the 1980 Constitution?

Its function will be to draft a new constitution project and it will not be able to make changes to the current constitution.

As long as a possible new Constitution does not come into force, the 1980 Constitution will continue to function fully, without the Convention being able to deny it authority or modify it.

Constitution of 1980

After the Military Coup of September 11th, 1973, the Constitution of 1925 was suspended by the Government Military Junta headed by General Augusto Pinochet and a new institution was created. For this, a Commission for the Study of the New Constitution was appointed, made up of seven members.

The Constitutional Draft was delivered in 1978 for review and in 1980, after a second review by the Governing Board, a text of 120 permanent and 29 transitory articles was approved.

This Constitution was approved by a plebiscite on September 11th, 1980, although the absence of electoral records and the restriction of public liberties put the legitimacy of the results in question. Subsequently, on October 21st, 1980, the 1980 Constitution was promulgated and two days later it was published in the Official Gazette, although it would only enter into force 6 months after its plebiscitary approval, that is, on March 11th, 1981.

Constitutional reforms

They were turbulent years in our country politically and socially. Prior to the 1989 parliamentary elections, the Coordination of Parties for Democracy and the right-wing parties agreed on a package of 54 reforms to the 1980 Constitution, which was approved in a plebiscite on July 30th, 1989.

In addition, since 1990, the year of the return to democracy with the assumption of the presidency of Patricio Aylwin, there have been a series of reforms and modifications to this Carta. In fact, until October 2020, the Constitution has been amended 52 times, being modified 257 articles in total.

Source: Library of the National Congress of Chile and notes of the author.

CSA - Peaky Blinders - Birmingham gangsters

Blog Rating: 8.85 out of 10

In the wake of World War I in Birmingham, an industrial city in North West London, criminal gangs are waging a merciless war to control the black market, the liquor trade and gambling. Peaky Blinders, led by the Shelby family, whose thinking boss, Thomas (Cillian Murphy), a traumatized war hero, is a respected figure in the slums. But the Churchill government decided to clean up the city, sending a twisted cop from the Royal Irish Police (Sam Neill), who will soon make Tommy Shelby's arrest a personal matter.

Cillian Murphy as Thomas Shelby

The story, set in 1919, recounts the clashes between criminals, communist militants, members of the IRA and the police, who betray each other, associate or a combination of both.

The city shows mostly workers who live in slums, close to factories, where dirt, pollution and violence play leading roles.

The central character of the story, Tommy Shelby, is a formidable strategist who initially seems unemotional, a romantic, intelligent and highly charismatic gangster. As the leader of the family he is always in search of power and money, trying to extend his gang business to legal horse gambling. Cillian Murphy's performance as a whole is brilliant.

Peaky Blinders is also distinguished by its partly daring soundtrack that gives the story a modern and timeless dimension.

Peaky Blinders Soundtrack in Spotify 🔈